Present day Yugoslavia is a state of Balkan Europe composed of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. It conserves less than half the territory of the former Yugoslavia. The opanke-style shoes called "opanci", in old Yugoslavia were very diverse in execution in each member-state of the federation. The way of making shoes however is always the same. A pre-shaped sole, turned up at all sides, is attached to a leather braided upper, most of the time with a strap and buckle closure on the instep. Sometimes very colourful and then again very plain. The turned-up toe-part however is distinctly Serbian. The above shoe is inter-braided with red, white and blue leather straps. Little brass rings are added for decoration.